ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE NTA LEVEL 4
INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
It is an introduction to the study of the structure and function of the human body. This course (DMLT) introduces the student to the concepts of anatomy and physiology as subjects in the nursing curriculum and begins with how the body is organized from the chemical level to the organism level.
Details of the various cell and tissue types follow and then the student is introduced to the individual body systems.
1. ANATOMY
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the human body and body parts and their relationships to one another.
the term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut(Tomy) apart(ana).
The relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology are always related. The structure determines which functions can take place. For example, the lungs are not the muscle chambers like the heart and cannot pump blood, but because the walls of the lungs are so thin, they can exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body.
Structural Levels of the organism
The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural difficulty:
- Chemical level, the simplest level of structural level. At this level, the atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and protein.
- Cellular level smaller units of living organisms.
- tissues level, groups of similar cells that have a normal function (4 primary types)
- organ level, a vessel is a structure consisting of 2 or more types of tissue that perform specific functions.
- System-level. is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose (each organ has its own function to perform)
- Organismal level represents the highest level of structural structure (a total of 11 organ systems)
Division of Anatomy
- Gross anatomy
- Structures that can be seen with the naked eye
- Muscles, bones, joints
- Microscopic anatomy
- Structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye
- Need to use a microscope
- Cytology = cell research
- Histology = tissue research
Ways to Study Anatomy
Regional Anatomy - read one body region at a time and learn everything about that region
Systemic anatomy - read one body system at a time. This is the approach we will use in this course
2. PHYSIOLOGY
What is a Physiology?
Physiology is the study of the work of the human body including the mechanism of the body's working system
the body's working system
- Integument
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- . Endocrine
- Circulatory
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
1. INTEGUMENTARY
Organ
-Skin
Function or work
- Waterproofing, cushions, protects the deepest tissues
- It gives salt & urea; pain, pressure
- It regulates body time; make vitamin D
2. SKELETAL
Organ
-Bones, cartilages, arteries, joints
Function or Work
- Protects & supports body organs
- Muscle system and movement
- Hematopoiesis; mineral storage
3. MUSCULAR
Organ
-Bone muscle (connected to bone)
Function or Work
- Reduced mobility (locomotion)
- Face-to-face, posture
- Provide body temperature
4. NERVOUS
Organ
-Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
Function or Work
- A centralized control system that performs quickly
- Responds to external/internal stimuli through nerve impulses (electronic messages)
5. ENDOCRINE
Organ
-Pituitary, pituitary gland, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovary, testes… .. etc.
Function or Work
- Slow acting control system
- The thyroid produces hormones that regulate growth, fertility, metabolism,…. and so on.
6. CIRCULATORY
Organ
-Heart, blood vessels, capillaries, and blood
Function or Work
It carries Oxygen nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells
White blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, inflammation
7. LYMPHATIC
Organ
-Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Function and Work
- It completes the circulatory system by returning the leaked fluid to the blood vessels
- It cleanses the blood; involved in immunity
8. RESPIRATORY
Organ
-Nasal Cavity, Nose, Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Function and Work
- It keeps the blood supplied by O2 and removes CO2
- Performs gas exchange through air sacs in the lungs
9. DIGESTIVE
Organ
-Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus (liver and pancreas)
Function and Work
- It breaks down food into the absorption units that enter the bloodstream; unused food has been removed as feces
10. URINARY
Organ
-Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Function and Work
- Removes nitrogen-containing wastes from the body (urea and uric acid)
- It regulates water, electrolytes, and basic blood acid balance
11. REPRODUCTIVE
Organ
-Man
Seminal vesicles, bladder, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum
-Woman
Ovary, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
Function and Work
- The primary function of both sexes is to have children
- Male - testicles produce both male and female sperm
- Female - ovaries produce eggs & female hormones; mammary glands for nutrition
All this is an introduction to the Module of anatomy and physiology in terms of a diploma in medical laboratory science.
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