There are terms you should know in this module course
definition of terms
What is Disease?
refer to the abnormal condition that interferes with the health of the body.
What is an infection?
invasion of the host's body (tissue of a host) by a pathogenic organism through which they grow, multiply and cause harmful effects.
What is health?
refer to the condition of being mental, physical, and social well-being.
Parasite?
The microorganisms that live in or on the host depend on the blood intake of that host.
or Defined as a weaker organism that obtains food and shelter from another organism and derives all the benefits of association. Ticks act as parasites in various mammals, for example, man, cattle, etc.
Vectors?
Insects transmit pathogens from one individual to another or from the source of infection to the susceptible individual. Blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, mites, flies, and lice act as vectors of several human infections.
Carrier?
A person who harbors the pathogenic organisms but has never had the disease it causes.
A carrier shows no signs or symptoms of the disease.
Host?
The organism that harbors the parasite.
Definitive host?
The host that harbors the adult / mature or sexual stage of the parasite
For example, the female Anopheles mosquito for Plasmodium species and the male for the beef tapeworm.
Intermediate host?
The host harbors the immature or asexual stage of the parasite.
Human for Plasmodium species and bovines for beef tapeworms
Modes of transmission of diseases and transmitted organisms
(a) Inhalation
-Inhaling aerosols (airborne droplets) containing pathogens secreted by an infected person
coughing, spitting, sneezing, blowing your nose, or laughing
-For example, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, measles virus,
(b) Ingestion
1. Ingesting pathogens in water or food contaminated with feces from infected
person or carrier of diseases.
-For example Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, intestinal protozoa, worms, Vibrio
cholera, Salmonella and Shigella.
2. Ingestion of pathogens in unpasteurized milk and dairy products
- For example Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Brucella species
(c) Sexual contact
-The direct transfer of pathogens from one person to another through sexual intercourse.
For example, HIV, Neisseria gonorrhea, Treponema pallidum, hepatitis B virus, Candida albicans.
(d) Skin contact
Transfer of pathogens from the skin of one person to the skin of another.
For example Sarcoptes scabiei, Tinea species,
(e) Contamination of cuts
Pathogens that enter wounds, cuts, or burns through contaminated or unsterilized hands
instruments.
For example Clostridium tetani, HIV, Hepatitis B and C virus, Staphylococci,
(f) Insect bite
Pathogens that enter the blood and tissues through the bite of an arthropod vector
For example Plasmodium species, Trypanosoma species, Borrelia, Wunchereria, Brugia,
Loa, Onchocerca
(g) Congenital
The transfer of pathogens from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy.
For example HIV, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium species
(h) Blood transfusion
Transfer of pathogens in blood or blood products
For example HIV, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium species
(i) Water-based
Transfer of pathogens associated with bodies of water (river, stream, pond, etc.)
For example (i) Bacterial
- Vibrio cholera
- Salmonella
- Shigella
(ii) Viral reaction
- Hepatitis - virus A
- Poliovirus
(iii) Protozoa
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia lamblia
- Balantidium coli
(iv) Helminths
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Trichuris trichiura
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Hookworm
- Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis
(v) Aquatic host
- Dracunculus medinensis, Diphyllobothrium latums,
- Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni
Protozoa?
Protozoa are also called intestinal protozoa.
Single-celled organisms exist in two forms.
The forms are trophozoites (active or vegetative form) and form cysts or oocysts.
Communicable disease
are diseases transmitted by microorganisms and transmitted through people, animals, surfaces, food, or air. or
The disease is caused by microorganisms and transmitted from an infected person or animal to
another person or animal. Example Malaria, Typhoid Fever, Cholera, and HIV/AIDS. The disease may need an exchange of blood through an injection, floating along with a sneeze on a film.
Non-communicable diseases
An illness that is caused by something other than a pathogen; might result from hereditary factors, improper diet, smoking, or other factors.
or refer to the diseases that are not transmitted. example Diabetes, Cancer, Asthma, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases.
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